Chinese government spies remained hidden in the networks of multiple North American medical and military research organizations for more than a year, deploying custom malware and snooping through Gmail inboxes and stealing sensitive data. 

This PRC-nexus espionage crew, which Google tracks as UNC6508, used some particularly noteworthy search terms as they were scanning for data to steal. They included such esoteric topics as drone technology and a viral disease that spreads from mosquitoes to humans.

“It’s one of the most interesting grocery shopping lists of things to collect that I’ve seen from a state-sponsored actor,” Luke McNamara, deputy chief analyst at Google Threat Intelligence Group, told The Register. 

“We have defense-related activity, which was a significant bulk of the different terms, or emails related to defense platform systems or companies,” McNamara said. “Some of those were looking for any emails that were coming in or going out that used @ and then a big defense name. Others were specific email addresses of individuals at more niche defense companies.”

While most of the terms related to defense and technology, the intruders also searched for some medical research facilities – and the very specific pathogen, “Chikungunya,” a viral disease transmitted to humans from mosquitoes that was responsible for an outbreak in China's Guangdong province in July 2025.

Google won’t say how many organizations were compromised in this campaign. A Monday report said the operation targeted several national, state, and private medical entities. 

“These organizations comprise world-renowned clinical providers, premier academic centers, North American military health institutions, professional advocacy groups, and health regulatory bodies,” according to the report. “Their research areas span a broad spectrum of modern medicine, from molecular discovery and clinical drug trials to state-level public health policy and military readiness.”

McNamara told us that the tech company’s incident responders notified all the victims they identified, “and we suspect there's probably even more.”

Incident responders first detected this campaign in early 2025, but told us it dates back to at least 2023. And all of these attacks began with the digital intruders somehow exploiting externally facing REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) servers. These servers are primarily used by universities, hospitals, and research institutions to build and manage online databases and surveys, and to store sensitive clinical research data.

The earliest known intrusion happened in September 2023, when UNC6508 compromised a REDCap server belonging to a North American medical research institution. McNamara told us that all of the intrusions followed this same pattern. 

Seeing (Infinite)Red

After three months, the snoops silently deployed custom malware named InfiniteRed to capture legitimate REDCap login credentials.

The malware includes three modular components. The first allows it to maintain persistent remote access by injecting its code into new REDCap versions after intercepting the upgrade process. Then it injects a credential harvester into the authentication system file to compromise user accounts. Finally, it functions as a backdoor with custom hooks that executes on every REDCap page load.

Google’s threat intelligence team identified “multiple” US and Canada-based organizations infected with InfiniteRed, and offered assistance with removing the malware.

After remaining undetected for more than a year, UNC6508 used the stolen credentials to access admin accounts and the victims’ internal network. Finally, the attackers added sneaky domain content compliance rules for data theft.

All 'Patroit' themed emails sent to BebitaBarefoot774

Content compliance rules are legitimate features in many cloud-based enterprise productivity suites - like Google Workspace - to exfiltrate specific email communications. Administrators can create these rules to manage messages that contain predefined sets of words or phrases, and these rules apply to all of the users in an organizational unit.

UNC6508 created a compliance rule named "Patroit" (yes, they misspelled “Patriot”) to match keywords and email address patterns in sent or received emails. 

These messages were then silently BCC-forwarded to an attacker-controlled Gmail address, BebitaBarefoot774[@]gmail[.]com, delivering a steady stream of geo-strategic policy, military strategy, advanced technology, and medical research emails to the PRC-linked crew. The search terms also included professional email addresses and phone numbers for members of organizations in these spaces. 

GTIG disabled the Gmail account to prevent further data exfiltration.

“One of the questions that we've had internally around this is: We're seeing this show up primarily at medical research institutions,” McNamara said. “Why are they searching for things like unmanned drones and unmanned vehicles? Why would you expect to find that there?”

One theory, he said, is that this particular threat group was tasked with collecting data across different categories of national-security-related terms and information. “Maybe they were copy-and-pasting this across multiple victims, including ones outside of this medical research space?”

Plus, some of the targeted institutions were likely working on research with a military or government agency connection. “So there was a potential that they could be in correspondence with someone where one of these terms showed up, and the actors were casting a very wide net,” McNamara said.®